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In support of this new diagnosis, the APA stated in their press release/fact sheet on IGD: Further, a diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was placed within Section 3-Conditions for Further Study of the DSM-5. For example, the “Substance Related Disorders” chapter was renamed “Substance Use and Addictive Disorders”, a “Non-Substance-Related Disorders” subchapter was created, and perhaps most notably, Gambling Disorder (formerly named Pathological Gambling) was moved into this the newly formed subchapter, due to its “reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders”. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) also acknowledged the phenomenon of behavioral addiction, as can be seen in multiple passages within the DSM-5. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.
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Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. Common mechanisms among addiction involving various psychoactive substances such as alcohol, opioids and cocaine and pathological behaviors such as uncontrolled gambling, internet use, gaming, pornography and sexual acting out have also been delineated.Īs a result of the growing neuroscientific evidence, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) formally expanded their definition of addiction in 2011 to include both behaviors and substances:Īddiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. It is now evident that various behaviors, which are repeatedly reinforcing the reward, motivation and memory circuitry are all part of the disease of addiction. While “addiction” has historically been associated with the problematic overconsumption of drugs and/or alcohol, the burgeoning neuroscientific research in this field has changed our understanding over the last few decades. Future research needs to address whether or not there are specific differences between substance and behavioral addiction.Ī revolutionary paradigm shift is occurring in the field of addiction that has great implications for assessment and treatment. Together with studies on Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder we see strong evidence for considering addictive Internet behaviors as behavioral addiction. The review leads to the conclusion that Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction. Moreover, we reviewed available neuroscientific literature on Internet pornography addiction and connect the results to the addiction model. Within this review, we give a summary of the concepts proposed underlying addiction and give an overview about neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder.
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Other Internet related behaviors, e.g., Internet pornography use, were not covered. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has recognized one such Internet related behavior, Internet gaming, as a potential addictive disorder warranting further study, in the 2013 revision of their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Regarding Internet addiction, neuroscientific research supports the assumption that underlying neural processes are similar to substance addiction. Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals.